Environment

Environment

           Environment the physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that affect an organism. Environment the surroundings of a physical system that may interact with the system by exchanging mass, energy, or other properties. Environment a series of LPs, cassettes and CDs depicting natural sounds

         Build environment constructed surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging from the large-scale civic surroundings to the personal places. Knowledge environment  social practices, technological and physical arrangements intended to facilitate collaborative knowledge building, decision making, inference or discovery. Natural environment all living and non-living things. Social environment  the culture that an individual lives in, and the people and institutions with whom they interact. Physical environment in ecology.

Environment biophysical

          The biophysical environment is the surrounding of an organism or population, and includes the factors that have an influence in their survival, development and evolution. The term can refer to different concepts, but is often used as a short form for the biophysical environment. This practice is common, for instance, among governments which entitle agencies dealing with the biophysical environment with denominations such as. Whereas the expression the environment is often used to refer to the global environment, usually in relation to humanity, the number of biophysical environments is countless, given that it is always possible to consider an additional living organism that has its own environment.

Life environment interaction

All life that has survived must have adapted to conditions of its environment. Temperature, light, humidity, soil nutrients, etc., all influence any species, within any environment. However life in turn modifies, in various forms, its conditions. Some long term modifications along the history of our planet have been significant, such as the incorporation of oxygen to the atmosphere. This process consisted in the breakdown of by that used the carbon in their metabolism and released the oxygen to the atmosphere. This led to the existence of oxygen-based plant and animal life, the. Other interactions are more immediate and simple, such as the smoothing effect that forests have on the temperature cycle, compared to neighboring unfrosted areas.

Environmental science

Environmental science is the study of the interactions within the biophysical environment. Part of this is the investigation of the effect of human activity on the environment, a sub discipline of biology and a part of environmental sciences, is often mistaken as a study of human induced effects on the environment. Environmental studies is a broader academic discipline that is the systematic study of interaction of humans with their environment. It is a broad field of study that includes the natural environment, built environments and social environments.

Environmentalism is a broad social and philosophical movement that, in a large part, seeks to minimise and compensate the negative effect of human activity on the biophysical environment. The issues of concern for environmentalists usually relate to the natural environment with the more important ones being, and loss.

Natural environment

The natural environment encompasses all and non living things occurring on or some region thereof. It is an environment that encompasses the interaction of all living species. The concept of the natural environment can be distinguished by components.

Complete ecological units that function as natural systems without massive human intervention, including all vegetation, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere, and that occur within their boundaries

Universal natural resources is and physical phenomena that lack clear-cut boundaries, such as air, water, and climate, as well as energy, electric charge, and magnetism, not originating from human activity.

The natural environment is contrasted with the build environment, which comprises the areas and components that are strongly influenced by humans. A geographical area is regarded as a natural environment.

It is difficult to find absolutely natural environments, and it is common that the naturalness varies in a continuum, from ideally 100% natural in one extreme to 0% natural in the other. More precisely, we can consider the different aspects or components of an environment, and see that their degree of naturalness is not uniform. If for instance, we take an agricultural field, and consider the and the of its soil, we will find that whereas the first is quite similar to that of an undisturbed forest soil, the structure is quite different.

Water on Earth

·       Oceans

·       Rivers

·       Streams

·       Lakes

·       Ponds

Oceans

An ocean is a major body of, and a component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's an area of some 362 million square kilometers is covered by ocean, a is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller. More than half of this area is over 3,000 meters 9,800 ft deep. Average oceanic is around 35, and nearly all seawater has salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as several separate oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the or global ocean. This concept of a global ocean as a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to oceanography. The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the, various, and other criteria: these divisions are in descending order of size the pacific ocean, the Atlantic ocean, the Indian ocean, the southern ocean and the Arctic ocean .

Rivers

A river is a natural usually, flowing toward an, a or another river. In a few cases, a river simply flows into the ground or dries up completely before reaching another body of water. Small rivers may also be termed by several other names, including, creek and brook. In the river is generally classified as a watercourse more than 60 feet 18 meters wide. The water in a river is usually in a, made up of a between. In larger rivers there is also a wider shaped by waters over-topping the channel. Flood plains may be very wide in relation to the size of the river channel. Rivers are a part of the hydrological cycle. Water within a river is generally collected from through, recharge, and the release of water stored in glaciers and snowpacks.

Streams

        A stream is a flowing body of water with a current, confined within a bed and stream banks. Streams play an important role in connecting and thus in conserving biodiversity. The study of streams and waterways in general is known as. Types of streams include creeks, tributaries, which do not reach an ocean and connect with another stream or river, which are typically small streams and sometimes sourced from a spring or sleep and tidal inlets.

Lakes

          A lake from Latin lacus is a, a body of water that is localized to the bottom of. A body of water is considered a lake when it is inland, is not part of an, is larger and deeper than a, and is fed by a river. Natural lakes on Earth are generally found in areas and areas with ongoing or recent. Other lakes are found in or along the courses of mature rivers. In some parts of the world, there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last. All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales, as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them.

Ponds

A pond is a of, either natural or man-made, that is usually smaller than a. A wide variety of man-made bodies of water are classified as ponds, including designed for aesthetic ornamentation, designed for commercial fish breeding, and designed to store thermal energy. Ponds and lakes are distinguished from streams via speed. While currents in streams are easily observed, ponds and lakes possess thermally driven micro-currents and moderate wind driven currents. These features distinguish a pond from many other aquatic terrain features, such as and tide pools.

Atmosphere, climate and weather

The atmosphere of the Earth serves as a key factor in sustaining the planetary ecosystem. The thin layer of that envelops the Earth is held in place by the planet's gravity. Dry consists of 78%, 21%, 1% and other, such as. The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, among which are the  such as water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many others. Air also contains a variable amount of and of water droplets and crystals seen as. Many natural substances may be present in tiny amounts in an unfiltered air sample, including, and, various industrial also may be present, such as elementary or in compounds, compounds, elemental, and compounds such as sulphur dioxide.

The of the Earth's atmosphere plays an important role in depleting the amount of radiation that reaches the surface. As is readily damaged by UV light, this serves to protect life at the surface. The atmosphere also retains heat during the night, thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes.

Effects of global warming

         The potential dangers of are being increasingly studied by a wide global consortium of scientists. These scientists are increasingly concerned about the potential long-term effects of global warming on our natural environment and on the planet. Of particular concern is how and global warming caused by, or human-made releases of, most notably, can act interactively, and have adverse effects upon the planet, its natural environment and humans' existence. It is clear the planet is warming, and warming rapidly. The most recent report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change the group of the leading climate scientists in the world concluded that the earth will warm anywhere from 2.7 to almost 11 degrees Fahrenheit between 1990 and 2100. Efforts have been increasingly focused on the of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes, on to global warming, to assist humans, animal and plant species, ecosystems, regions and  in adjusting to the. Some examples of recent collaboration to address climate change and global warming include, 

            The United Nations framework treaty and convention on Climate Change, to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous.

             The, which is the protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change treaty, again with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases in an effort to prevent anthropogenic climate change. 

  The, to identify, evaluate, and implement collective and cooperative ways to reduce greenhouse gases in the region, focusing on a market-based cap-and-trade system.

A significantly profound challenge is to identify the natural environmental dynamics in contrast to environmental changes not within natural variances. A common solution is to adapt a static view neglecting natural variances to exist. Methodologically, this view could be defended when looking at processes which change slowly and short time series, while the problem arrives when fast processes turns essential in the object of the study.

Climate

          Climate encompasses the statistics of, atmospheric particle count and numerous other elements in a given region over long periods of time. Climate can be contrasted to, which is the present condition of these same elements over periods up to two weeks.

Climates can be according to the average and typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used classification scheme is the one originally developed by. The Thornthwaite system, in use since 1948, incorporates in addition to temperature and precipitation information and is used in studying animal species diversity and potential impacts of 

Weather

Weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given area at a given. Most weather phenomena occur in the, just below the. Weather refers, generally, to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas is the term for the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification, weather is understood to be the weather of.

Weather occurs due to density temperature and moisture differences between one place and another. These differences can occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot, which varies by latitude from the tropics. The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the. Weather systems in the, such as, are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow. Because the Earth's is tilted relative to its orbital plane, is incident at different angles at different times of the year. On the Earth's surface, temperatures usually range ±40 °C 100 °F to −40 °F annually. Over thousands of years, changes in the Earth's orbit have affected the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth and influence long-term climate

Surface differences in turn cause pressure differences. Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes due to differences in compression heating. Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the for a future time and a given location. The is a, and small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole. Human attempts to  have occurred throughout human history, and there is evidence that human activity such as and  has inadvertently modified weather patterns.

Ecosystems

An ecosystem also called as environment is a natural unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms  factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical factors of the environment.

Central to the ecosystem concept is the idea that are continually engaged in a highly interrelated set of relationships with every other element constituting the in which they exist, one of the founders of the science of, stated, Any unit that includes all of the organisms in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined tropic structure, biotic diversity, and material cycles exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts within the system is an ecosystem.

The human ecosystem concept is then grounded in the deconstruction of the human nature, and the emergent premise that all species are ecologically integrated with each other, as well as with the abiotic constituents of their biotope.

A greater number or variety of species or of an ecosystem may contribute to greater resilience of an ecosystem, because there are more species present at a location to respond to change and thus absorb or reduce its effects. This reduces the effect before the ecosystem's structure is fundamentally changed to a different state. This is not universally the case and there is no proven relationship between the species diversity of an ecosystem and its ability to provide goods and services on a sustainable level.

The term ecosystem can also pertain to human-made environments, such as and human-influenced ecosystems and can describe any situation where there is relationship between living organisms and their environment. Fewer areas on the surface of the earth today exist free from human contact, although some genuine areas continue to exist without any forms of human intervention.

Biomes

           

           Biomes are terminologically similar to the concept of ecosystems, and are climatically and geographically defined areas of ecologically similar climatic conditions on the earth, such as communications of plants, animals and soil organisms often referred to as ecosystems. Biomes are defined on the basic factors such as plant structures, leaf types, plant spacing, and climate. Unlike ecozones, biomes are not defined by genetic, taxonomic, or historical similarities. Biomes are often identified with particular patterns of ecological succession and climax vegetation.

Life

Evidence suggests that has existed for about 3.7 years. All known life forms share fundamental molecular mechanisms, and based on these observations, theories on the origin of life attempt to find a mechanism explaining the formation of a primordial single cell organism from which all life originates. There are many different hypotheses regarding the path that might have been taken from simple via precellular life to protocells and metabolism.

Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by, response to, life may also be said to be simply the characteristic state of. In the science of living organisms, life is the condition which distinguishes active from, including the capacity for growth, and the continual change preceding death.

A diverse variety of living organisms life forms can be found in the on, and properties common to these organisms, and are form with complex and heritable information. Living organisms undergo, maintain, possess a capacity to, respond to and, through, adapt to their environment in successive generations. More complex living organisms can communicate through various means.

Biogeochemical cycles

Global are biochemical cycles are critical to life, most notably those of water, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.

The nitrogen cycle is the transformation of nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds in nature. It is a cycle which includes gaseous components.

The water cycle is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Water can change states among liquid, vapor, and ice at various places in the water cycle. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go.

The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.

The oxygen cycle is the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs: the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is, which is responsible for the modern Earth's atmospheric composition and life.

The phosphorus cycle is the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. The atmosphere does not play a significant role in the movements of phosphorus, because phosphorus and phosphorus compounds are usually solids at the typical ranges of temperature and pressure found on Earth.

Wilderness

Wilderness is generally defined as a natural environment on that has not been significantly modified by activity. The WILD Foundation goes into more detail, defining wilderness as, the most intact, undisturbed wild natural areas left on our planet those last truly wild places that humans do not control and have not developed with roads, pipelines or other industrial infrastructure. Wilderness areas and protected are considered important for the survival of certain, ecological studies, solitude, and Wilderness is deeply valued for cultural, spiritual, and reasons. Some nature writers believe wilderness areas are vital for the human spirit and creativity.

The word, wilderness, derives from the notion of in other words that which is not controllable by humans. The word's is from the wilderness, which in turn derives from wilder meaning wild beast wild + doer = beast, deer. From this point of view, it is the wildness of a place that makes it a wilderness. The mere presence or activity of people does not disqualify an area from being wilderness. Many ecosystems that are, or have been, inhabited or influenced by activities of people may still be considered wild. This way of looking at wilderness includes areas within which natural processes operate without very noticeable human interference.

Wildlife includes all non- plants, animals and other organisms. Domesticating wild plant and animal species for human benefit has occurred many times all over the planet, and has a major impact on the environment, both positive and negative. Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems. Deserts, rain forests, plains, and other areas including the most developed sites all have distinct forms of wildlife. While the term in popular culture usually refers to animals that are untouched by human factors, most scientists agree that wildlife around the world is impacted by human activities.

Challenges

It is the common understanding of natural environment that underlies a broad, and movement that advocates various actions and policies in the interest of protecting what nature remains in the natural environment, or restoring or expanding the role of nature in this environment. While true wilderness is increasingly rare, wild nature can be found in many locations previously inhabited by humans.

World Environment Day

World Environment Day is an annual event that is aimed at being the biggest and most widely celebrated global day for positive environmental action. World Environment Day activities take place all year round and climax on 5 June every year, involving everyone from everywhere. 

The World Environment Day celebration began in 1972 and has grown to become one of the main vehicles through which the United Nations stimulates worldwide awareness of the environment and encourages political attention and action.

Through World Environment Day, the United Nations Environment Programme is able to personalize environmental issues and enable everyone to realize not only their responsibility, but also their power to become agents for change in support of sustainable and equitable development.

World Environment Day is also a day for people from all walks of life to come together to ensure a cleaner, greener and brighter outlook for themselves and future generations.

Everyone counts in this initiative and World Environment Day relies on you to make it happen! We call for action  organize a neighbourhood clean-up, stop using plastic bags and get your community to do the same, stop food waste, walk to work, start a recycling drive the possibilities are endless.

What Is the Environment

The environment is something you are very familiar with. It's everything that makes up our surroundings and affects our ability to live on the earth the air we breathe, the water that covers most of the earth's surface, the plants and animals around us, and much more.

In recent years, scientists have been carefully examining the ways that people affect the environment. They have found that we are causing air pollution, deforestation, acid rain, and other problems that are dangerous both to the earth and to ourselves. These days, when you hear people talk about the environment , they are often referring to the overall condition of our planet, or how healthy it is. 

Environment Early Childhood

Environments is the early childhood professional’s source for the best and most appropriate early childhood classroom equipment, children’s furniture, cribs, educational toys, and math, science, and language curriculum materials for child care and early education. You’ll find Family Style Dining, building blocks, dramatic play props, trikes, wooden manipulative and other early childhood classics plus tons of Environments exclusives. This is the right stuff for the social growth and cognitive development of children from infants and toddlers through preschool, pre-k, and kindergarten ages.

Wining Environment Pallets

Pallets are an important component of most transport of goods. There are probably every second millions of pallets that are on their way to a destination, or are placed in a rack in a warehouse somewhere in the world. Lots of pallets are certainly also piled outside a warehouse or a production building in anticipation of their future destiny. Allowing pallets to be returned should be beneficial from,

Natural Cycles Purifies Waste Water

There are lots of drains that are not connected to municipal waste water treatment plants. Only in Sweden, there are 700,000 private waste water drains, of which 60 percent are for homes and vacation cabins. Many of the cabins are located near waterways and lack water purification or have malfunctioning treatment systems. This contributes to the eutrophication of lakes and seas. Another problem is that,

Sustainable Polymers with Great Potential

Venture Cup is a competition that aims to stimulate new business ideas. In the Environment & Energy class, research company Cyclicor took home first prize in the regional finals in southern Sweden in 2013. The company’s mission is to develop environmentally friendly polycarbonate and polyurethane resins. Cyclicor was founded by Lund researchers Kristopher Cook and Sang-Hyun Pyo. 

7 Kinds of Environmental Pollution

There are actually SEVEN different kinds of environmental pollution. Most people can name air, water and land do you know the other four Or examples of what constitutes actual pollution in each category. Listed below are each kind and examples to help you understand just how we can affect the environment and each other. 

Air Pollution

According to the dictionary, air pollution is the contamination of air by smoke and harmful gases, mainly oxides of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen.

Some examples of air pollution include,

Exhaust fumes from vehicles

The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil or gas

Harmful off gassing from things such as paint, plastic production and so on

Radiation spills or nuclear accidents

Air pollution is linked to asthma, allergies and other respiratory illnesses. You can more about how the  here. 

Land Pollution

Land pollution is the degradation of the Earth's surface caused by a misuse of resources and improper disposal of waste. 

Some examples of land pollution include,

Litter found on the side of the road

Illegal dumping in natural habitats

Oil spills that happen inland

The use of pesticides and other farming chemicals

Damage and debris caused from unsustainable mining and logging practices

Radiation spills or nuclear accidents

Land pollution is responsible for damage done to natural habitat of animals, deforestation and damage done to natural resources, and the general ugly-ing up of our communities. 

Light Pollution

Light pollution is the brightening of the night sky inhibiting the visibility of stars and planets by the use of improper lighting of communities. 

Some examples of what causes light pollution, 

Street lamps that shine light in all directions, instead of with a hood to point light downward toward the street.

Unnecessary lights, especially around the home

Light pollution uses more energy by shining more light up instead of down, may affect human health and our sleep cycles and most importantly, corrupts our kids telescopes and their curiosity. 

Noise Pollution

Noise pollution is any loud sounds that are either harmful or annoying to humans and animals. 

Some examples of noise pollution,

Airplanes, helicopters and motor vehicles

Construction or demolition noise

Human activities such as sporting events or concerts

Noise pollution is disruptive to humans' stress levels, may be harmful to unborn babies, and drives animals away, causing nervousness and decreasing their ability to hear prey or predators. 

Thermal pollution

Thermal pollution is the increase of temperature caused by human activity. 

Warmer lake water from nearby manufacturing using cool water to cool the plant and then pump it back into the lake

Included in thermal pollution should also be the increase in temperatures in areas with lots of concrete or vehicles, generally in cities

These kinds of environmental pollution can cause aquatic life to suffer or die due to the increased temperature, can cause discomfort to communities dealing with higher temperatures and can even affect plant-life in and around the area. 

Visual pollution

Visual pollution is what you would call anything unattractive or visualiing damaging to the nearby landscape. This tends to be a highly subjective topic, as we all find different things attractive and unattractive.

Some examples of visual pollution,

Skyscrapers might block the view of a mountain

Graffiti or carving on trees, rocks or other natural landscapes

Billboards, litter, abandoned homes and junkyards could also be considered among three kins of environmental pollution

Mostly visual kinds of environmental pollution are annoying, although some may say they are also depressing such as when they can't see a view through a billboard.

Water pollution

Water pollution is the contamination of any body of water lakes, groundwater, oceans, etc,

Some examples of water pollution,

Raw sewage running into lake or streams

Industrial waste spills contaminating groundwater

Radiation spills or nuclear accidents

Illegal dumping of substances, or items in bodies of water

Biological contamination, such as bacteria growth

These kinds of environmental pollution are linked to health issues in humans, animals and plant-life. You can read more about how the environment is affecting health here, 

Urban Environmental Pollution 

Urbanization continues at a record pace all over the world, especially in emerging and developing economies. China has decided that the best way for the government to deliver essential goods and services to rural people is to encourage them to move to existing and or new cities and become urban dwellers. Cities are seen as destinations, especially for young people in search of employment, education, social contacts and cultural advantages. The future for the human race is in cities.

We need to learn more about cities and how they function. We know that they consume enormous quantities of materials and energy and release large quantities of wastes. Cities are the source of air, water and soil pollutants. Heat islands and CO2 domes, combined with particulates and ozone affect human health. Lack of park and green space disconnects urban residents from the natural world and may have adverse psychological effects.

In UEP2014 we will continue to explore the nature of the urban environment and how it affects human health and well-being.

Urban environments and how they function

CO2 greenhouse gases and warming

Air, water and soil pollutants

Human health in the city

Vegetation in the city

Built environment and urban climate

Alleviation of urban stress problems

Environmental Pollution

Environmental Pollution is an international journal that seeks to publish papers that report results from original, novel research that addresses significant environmental pollution issues and problems.

Business Environment

We have produced a beautiful 10 min demo film jain enlightenment - A Way of Life and also working on 'Palitana - City of Temples on the Hill' to inform and educate America about Ahimsa, Anekantvad, Aparigrah involving Forgiveness, Compassion, and Peace.

            We returned from India with over 200 hours of film and are also producing a series of films on Legend of Lord Bahubali, King Adhinathan, Lord Mahavira and Sacred Pilgrimages - including Ranakpur, Ellora etc. to show Jain Images of Perfection.

The combination of internal and external factors that influence a company operating situation. The business environment can include factors such as, client and suppliers, its competition and owners, improvements in technology, law and government activities, and market social and economic trends.  

International Journal of Business Environment

Environmental dynamism is a widely explored construct in organization theory strategic management literature. It has growing importance according to the degree of instability turbulence of such key operating concerns as market industry conditions as well as more general technological, economic, social, political forces. An organization’s ability to adapt to changing environmental circumstances is key to survival. IJBE examines how firms behave under different types of environment and the external influences on businesses. It addresses a wide variety of business decisions processes activities within the business environment.

Environmental scanning

Environmental scanning is one essential component of the global environmental analysis, environmental and environmental assessments complete the global environmental analysis. The global environment refers to the macro environment which comprises industries, markets, companies, clients and competitors. Consequently, there exist corresponding analyses on the micro-level. Suppliers, customers and competitors representing the micro environment of a company are analyzed within the industry analysis.

Environmental scanning can be defined as the study and interpretation of the political, economic, social and technological events and trends which influence a business, an industry or even a total market’. The factors which need to be considered for environmental scanning are events, trends, issues and expectations of the different interest groups. Issues are often forerunners of trend breaks. A trend break could be a value shift in society, a technological innovation that might be permanent or a paradigm change. Issues are less deep-seated and can be a temporary short lived reaction to a social phenomenon. A trend can be defined as an environmental phenomenon that has adopted a structural character.

Macro Environment

There are a number of common approaches how the external factors, which are mentioned in the definition of Kroon and which describe the macro environment, can be identified and examined. These factors indirectly affect the organization but cannot be controlled by it. One approach could be the PEST analysis. PEST stands for political, economic, social and technological. Two more factors, the environmental and legal factor, are defined within the PESTEL analysis,

The segmentation of the macro environment according to the six presented factors of the PESTEL analysis is the starting point of the global environmental analysis.

Environmental factors

Competitive advantage

Waste disposal

Energy consumption

Pollution monitoring

Mesoenvironment

The meso-level is settled between the macro- and the micro-level. This field deals with the design of the specific environment of the enterprises. It is of decisive importance that the layout of the physical infrastructure transport, communication and power distribution systems and of the sector policies, especially of the education, research and technology policy, are oriented towards competitiveness. In addition the design of the trade policy and systems of rules for example environmental norms and a technical safety standard, which contributes to the development of national advantages of competition, is relevant. Like on the micro-level, on the meso-level new patterns of organization and steering must be developed. The state shall give impulses and mediate between enterprises, associations, science and intermediate institutions. The design of locations becomes like that a continuous process on the basis of the efforts of enterprises, science and state as well as of the determined cooperation of private and public agents.

Environmental air pollution and biomonitor.

All the chemicals compounds or elements that are released into the atmosphere are primarily as a result of human activities, and which can cause damage in living organisms, are considered air pollutants, Moriarty F. [2]. The majority of the heavy metals sulphured and nitrogen compounds that are considered pollutants originate from anthropogenic sources, Pacyna JM & Pacyna EG [3]. Sources of these compounds include forest fires, biological decomposition processes, and waste products from industries and due to gases released from different stores. The degree and extent to which emissions are spread depends on the type of emission source, composition of the emissions and the weather conditions. The majority of the emissions remain close to the source, but some can travel for thousands of kilometers. In general, sculpture and nitrogen compounds occur in the atmosphere in gaseous form, and heavy metals are attached to particles. Air quality can be monitored by measuring the pollutants directly in the air or in deposition, by constructing models depicting the spread of pollutants, or by using biomonitor, Conti ME &amp, Cecchetti G [4].

Direct measurements provide objective information about the level of pollutants, but they are expensive and there is a risk of contamination when determining low concentrations. The models provide information about extensive areas and they can be used to produce predictions of future air quality. However, their accuracy is dependent on the quality of the data used in constructing the models.

Biomonitor provide information on both the quantity of pollutants and their effect on the occurrence and condition of Biomonitor. Although the methods are fast and inexpensive, they only provide a relatively approximate picture of air quality and the deposition of pollutants. The term biomonitor is used to refer to an organism, or a part of it, that depicts the occurrence of pollutants on the basis of specific symptoms, reactions, morphological changes or concentrations, Puckett KJ [5].

        There is considerable variation in the use of the terms bioindicator and Biomonitor, but bioindicator generally refers to all organisms that provide information on the environment or the quality of environmental changes, and Biomonitor to organisms that provide quantitative information on the quality of the environment.

       Organisms can be classified according to their origin into passive Biomonitor, in which organisms that occurs naturally in the study area are monitored, and active Biomonitor, in which the organisms are brought into the research area under controlled conditions for a specific period of time. A good accumulation indicator of air pollutants should meet the certain requirements, Garty J [6].

It should accumulate pollutants from the air in the same way and to the same degree under different conditions. The pollutants should be easily measured and the measurements should provide information about the level of pollutant deposition.

           In order to determine the state of the ecosystem in relation to the pollutant under study, the state of the ecosystem in the background area should also be known. The background level is usually considered to be the “natural” level at which emissions have as small an effect as possible. Mosses and lichens are considered to be best for use as Biomonitor of air pollutants, Tyler G [7].

Lichen is a symbiotic organism composed of a fungal and algae. The name of the lichen species is given by its fungal partner. The fungal partner benefits by getting sugar from the algae which is synthesized through photosynthesis. The algae partner gets protection as the fungi normally forms the outer surface. This protection is mostly against weather and radiation which helps the algae to have more stable and constant environment.

             In this work the epiphytic species is used because of its high sensitivity to air pollution.
Most lichen species obtain their nutrients from wet and dry deposition, Markert BA, Breure AM & Zec [8].

       They possess many properties that make them suitable for monitoring purposes. Air pollutants are deposited on lichens in aqueous solution, in gaseous form or attached to particles. The accumulation of pollutants occurs through a number of different mechanisms: as layers of particles or entrapment on the surface of the cells, incorporation into the outer walls of the cells through ion exchange processes, and metabolically controlled passage into the cells [9]. A high proportion of the pollutant load accumulates in lichens through wet deposition.