ASP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

51. Describe the complete lifecycle of a Web page.

When we execute a Web page, it passes from the following stages, which are collectively known as Web page lifecycle:

• Page request - During this stage, ASP.NET makes sure the page either parsed or compiled and a cached version of the page can be sent in response
• Start - During this stage sets the Request and Response page properties and the page check the page request is either a postback or a new request
• Page Initialization - During this stage, the page initialize and the control's Unique Id property are set
• Load - During this stage, if the request is postback, the control properties are loaded without loading the view state and control state otherwise loads the view state
• Validation - During this stage, the controls are validated
• Postback event handling - During this stage, if the request is a postback, handles the event
• Rendering - During this stage, the page invokes the Render method to each control for return the output
• Unload - During this stage, when the page is completely rendered and sent to the client, the page is unloaded.

52. How can you assign page specific attributes in an ASP.NET application?

• The @Page directive is responsible for this.

53. Which method is used to post a Web page to another Web page?

• The Respose.Redirect method is used to post a page to another page, as shown in the following code snippet: Response.Redirect("DestinationPageName.aspx");

54. What is a Cookie? Where is it used in ASP.NET?

• Cookie is a lightweight executable program, which the server posts to client machines.
• Cookies store the identity of a user at the first visit of the Web site and validate them later on the next visits for their authenticity.
• The values of a cookie can be transferred between the user's request and the server's response.

55. What are Custom User Controls in ASP.NET?

• The custom user controls are the controls that are defined by developers.
• These controls are a mixture of custom behavior and predefined behavior.
• These controls work similar to other Web server controls.

56. What does the .WebPart file do?

• The .WebPart file explains the settings of a Web Parts control that can be included to a specified zone on a Web page.

57. How can you enable impersonation in the web.config file?

• To enable impersonation in the web.confing file, you need to include the  element in theweb.config file and set the impersonate attribute to true as shown in the following code snippet:
  

58. How can you identify that the page is PostBack?

·        The Page object uses the IsPostBack property to check whether the page is posted back or not. If the page is postback, this property is set to true.

59. In which database is the information, such as membership, role management, profile, and Web parts personalization, stored?

·        The aspnetdb database stores all information.

60. What is State Management? How many ways are there to maintain a state in .NET?

·        State management is used to store information requests. The state management is used to trace the information or data that affect the state of the applications.

There are two ways to maintain a state in .NET, Client-Based state management and Server-Based state management.

The following techniques can be used to implement the Client-Based state management:

·        View State

·        Hidden Fields

·        Cookies

·        Query Strings

·        Control State

·       
The following techniques can be used to implement Server-Based state management:

·        Application State

·        Session State

·        Profile Properties

61. What do you understand by aggregate dependency?

·        Aggregate dependency allows multiple dependencies to be aggregated for content that depends on more than one resource. In such type of dependency, you need to depend on the sum of all the defined dependencies to remove a data item from the cache.

62. How can you ensure that no one has tampered with ViewState in a Web page?

·        To ensure that no one has tampered with ViewState in a Web page, set the EnableViewStateMac property to True.

63. What is the difference between adding items into cache through the Add() method and through theInsert() method?

·        Both methods work in a similar way except that the Cache.Add() function returns an object that represents the item you added in the cache.

·        The Cache.Insert() function can replace an existing item in the cache, which is not possible using the Cache.Add() method.

64. Explain the cookie less session and its working.

·        ASP.NET manages the session state in the same process that processes the request and does not create a cookie.

·        It is known as a cookie less session.

·         If cookies are not available, a session is tracked by adding a session identifier to the URL.

·         The cookie less session is enabled using the following code snippet:

65. What is a round trip?

·        The trip of a Web page from the client to the server and then back to the client is known as a round trip.

66. What are the major built-in objects in ASP.NET?

The major built-in objects in ASP.NET are as follows:

• Application
• Request
• Response
• Server
• Session
• Context
• Trace

67. Where should the data validations be performed-at the client side or at the server side and why?

·        Data validations should be done primarily at the client side and the server-side validation should be avoided because it makes server task overloaded.

·        If the client-side validation is not available, you can use server-side validation.

·         When a user sends a request to the server, the validation controls are invoked to check the user input one by one.

68. Why do we need nested master pages in a Web site?

·        When we have several hierarchical levels in a Web site, then we use nested master pages in the Web site.

69. How can you dynamically add user controls to a page?

·        User controls can be dynamically loaded by adding a Web User Control page in the application and adding the control on this page.

70. What is the appSettings Section in the web.config file?

·        The web.config file sets the configuration for a Web project. The appSettings block in configuration file sets the user-defined values for the whole application.

For example, in the following code snippet, the specified ConnectionString section is used throughout the project for database connection:





...

71. What type of code, client-side or server-side, is found in a code-behind file of a Web page?

·        A code-behind file contains the server-side code, which means that the code contained in a code-behind file is executed at the server.

72. To which class a Web form belongs to in the .NET Framework class hierarchy?

·        A Web form belongs to the System.Web.UI.Page class.

73. What does the "EnableViewState" property do? Why do we want it On or Off?

·        The EnableViewState property enables the ViewState property on the page.

·        It is set to On to allow the page to save the users input between postback requests of a Web page; that is, between the Request and corresponding Response objects.

·        When this property is set to Off, the page does not store the users input during postback.

74. Which event determines that all the controls are completely loaded into memory?

·        The Page_Load event determines that all the controls on the page are fully loaded.

·        You can also access the controls in the Page_Init event; however, the ViewState property does not load completely during this event.

75. What is the function of the CustomValidator control?

·        It provides the customize validation code to perform both client-side and server-side validation.

76. What is Role-based security?

·        In the Role-based security, you can assign a role to every user and grant the privilege according to that role.

·        A role is a group of principal that restricts a user's privileges.

·        Therefore, all the organization and applications use role-based security model to determine whether a user has enough privileges to perform a requested task.

77. Which data type does the RangeValidator control support?

·        The data types supported by the RangeValidator control are Integer, Double, String, Currency, and Date.

78. What are the HTML server controls in ASP.NET?

·        HTML server controls are similar to the standard HTML elements, which are normally used in HTML pages.

·        They expose properties and events that can be used programmatically.

·         To make these controls programmatically accessible, you need to specify that the HTML controls act as a server control by adding the runat="server"attribute.

79. Why a SiteMapPath control is referred to as breadcrumb or eyebrow navigation control?

·        The SiteMapPath control displays a hierarchical path to the root Web page of the Web site.

·        Therefore, it is known as the breadcrumb or eyebrow navigation control.

80. Where is the ViewState information stored?

·        The ViewState information is stored in the HTML hidden fields.

81. Which namespaces are necessary to create a localized application?

·        The System.Globalization and System.Resources namespaces are essential to develop a localized application.

82. What is the difference between an HtmlInputCheckBox control and an HtmlInputRadioButton control?

·        You can select more than one HtmlInputCheckBox control from a group of HtmlInputCheckBox controls; whereas, you can select only a single HtmllnputRadioButton control from a group ofHtmlInputRadioButton controls.

83. What is the difference between HTML and Web server controls?

·        HTML controls are client-side controls; therefore, all the validations for HTML controls are performed at the client side.

·        On the other hand, Web server controls are server-side controls; therefore, all the validations for Web server controls are performed at the server side.

84. Explain the AdRotator Control.

• The AdRotator is an ASP.NET control that is used to provide advertisements to Web pages. 
• The AdRotatorcontrol associates with one or many advertisements, which randomly displays one by one at a time when the Web page is refreshed. 
• The AdRotator control advertisements are associated with links; therefore, when you click on an advertisement, it redirects you to other pages. 
• The AdRotator control is associated with a data source, which is normally an xml file or a database table.
•  A data source contains all the information, such as advertisement graphics reference, link, and alternate text.
•  Therefore, when you use the AdRotator control, you should first create a data source and then associate it with the AdRotator control.

85. What do you understand by the culture?

• The culture denotes a combination of a language and optionally a region or a country. 
• The contents of a Web page of a multilingual Web site are changed according to the culture defined in the operating system of the user accessing the Web page.

86. What is the difference between absolute expiration and sliding-time expiration?

• The absolute expiration expires a cached item after the provided expiration time. 
• The sliding time does not expire the cached items because it increments the specified time.

87. What is the code-behind feature in ASP.NET?

• The code-behind feature of ASP.NET enables you to divide an ASP.NET page into two files - one consisting of the presentation data, and the second, which is also called the code-behind file, consisting of all the business logic. 
• The presentation data contains the interface elements, such as HTML controls and Web server controls, and the code-behind contains the event-handling process to handle the events that are fired by these controls. 
• The file that contains the presentation data has the .aspx extension. The code behind file has either the .cs extension (if you are using the programming language C#) or the .vb (if you are using the programming language Visual Basic .NET) extension.

88. How can you check if all the validation controls on a Web page are valid and proper?

• You can determine that all the validation controls on a Web page are properly working by writing code in the source file of the Web page using a scripting language, such as VBScript or JavaScript.
•  To do this task, you have to loop across validators collection of pages and check the IsValid property of each validation control on the Web page to check whether or not the validation test is successful.

89. Explain the validation controls. How many validation controls in ASP.NET 4.0?

• Validation controls are responsible to validate the data of an input control. Whenever you provide any input to an application, it performs the validation and displays an error message to user, in case the validation fails.

ASP.NET 4.0 contains the following six types of validation controls:

• CompareValidator - Performs a comparison between the values contained in two controls.
• CustomValidator - Writes your own method to perform extra validation.
• RangeValidator- Checks value according to the range of value.
• RegularExpressionValidator - Ensures that input is according to the specified pattern or not.
• RequiredFieldValidator - Checks either a control is empty or not.
• ValidationSummary - Displays a summary of all validation error in a central location.

90. What is difference between a Label control and a Literal control?

• The Label control's final html code has an HTML tag; whereas, the Literal control's final html code contains only text, which is not surrounded by any HTML tag.

91. How many types of Cookies are available in ASP.NET?

There are two types of Cookies available in ASP.NET:

• Session Cookie - Resides on the client machine for a single session until the user does not log out.
• Persistent Cookie - Resides on a user's machine for a period specified for its expiry, such as 10 days, one month, and never.

The user can set this period manually.

92. What is the use of the Global.asax file?

• The Global.asax file executes application-level events and sets application-level variables.

93. What are the Culture and UICulture values?

• The Culture value determines the functions, such as Date and Currency, which are used to format data and numbers in a Web page. The UICulture value determines the resources, such as strings or images, which are loaded for a Web page in a Web application.

94. What is the difference between ASP session and ASP.NET session?

• ASP does not support cookie-less sessions; whereas, ASP.NET does. In addition, the ASP.NET session can span across multiple servers.

95. Which control will you use to ensure that the values in two different controls match?

• You should use the CompareValidator control to ensure that the values in two different controls match.

96. What is the difference between a page theme and a global theme?

• A page theme is stored inside a subfolder of the App_Themes folder of a project and applied to individual Web pages of that project. Global themes are stored inside the Themes folder on a Web server and apply to all the Web applications on the Web server.

97. What do you mean by a neutral culture?

• When you specify a language but do not specify the associated country through a culture, the culture is called as a neutral culture.

98. What is the use of the  tag in the web.config file?

• The  tag is used to configure the session state features. To change the default timeout, which is 20 minutes, you have to add the following code snippet to the web.config file of an application:

99. Can you post and access view state in another application?

• Yes, you can post and access a view state in other applications. However, while posting a view state in another application, the PreviousPage property returns null.

100. Which method do you use to kill explicitly a users session?

• The Session.Abandon() method kills the user session explicitly.

101. Which class is inherited when an ASP.NET server control is added to a Web form?

• The System.Web.UI.WebControls class is inherited when an ASP.NET server control is added to a Web form.

102. What events are fired when a page loads?

The following events fire when a page loads:

• Init() - Fires when the page is initializing.
• LoadViewState() - Fires when the view state is loading.
• LoadPostData() - Fires when the postback data is processing.
• Load() - Fires when the page is loading.
• PreRender() - Fires at the brief moment before the page is displayed to the user as HTML.
• Unload() - Fires when the page is destroying the instances of server controls.

103. Write three common properties of all validation controls.

Three common properties of validation controls are as follows:

• ControlToValidate - Provides a control to validate
• ErrorMessage - Displays an error message
• IsValid - Specifies if the control's validation has succeeded or not
• Text - Displays a text for validation control before validation

104. What are navigation controls? How many navigation controls are there in ASP.NET 4.0?

• Navigation controls help you to navigate in a Web application easily. These controls store all the links in a hierarchical or drop-down structure; thereby facilitating easy navigation in a Web application.

There are three navigation controls in ASP.Net 4.0.

• SiteMapPath
• Menu
• TreeView

105. What happens if an ASP.NET server control with event-handling routines is missing from its definition?

The compilation of the application fails.

106. What are server-side comments?

• Server-side comments are included in an ASP.NET page for the purpose of documentations as shown in the following code snippet:
• <%--This is an example of server-side comments --%> 
• The server-side comments begin with <%-- and end with --%>.

107. How can we provide the WebParts control functionality to a server control?

• We can provide the WebParts controls functionality to a server control by setting the CreateWebPart property of WebPartManger.

108. How do you prevent a validation control from validating data at the client end?

• You can prohibit a validation control to validate data at the client side by setting the EnableClientScriptproperty to False.

109. What is cross-page posting in ASP.NET?

• The Server.Transfer() method is used to post data from one page to another. In this case, the URL remains the same.
•  However, in cross page posting, data is collected from different Web pages and is displayed on a single page. 
• To do so, you need to set the PostBackUrl property of the control, which specifies the target page. In the target page, you can access the PreviousPage property. 
• For this, you need to use the@PreviousPageType directive. You can access the controls of previous page by using the FindControl()method.

110. Which ASP.NET configuration options are supported in the ASP.NET implementation on the shared Web hosting platform?

• There are many ASP.NET configuration choices, which are not able to configure at the site, application, or child directory level on the shared hosting environment. Some options can produce security, performance, and stability problem to the server and therefore cannot be changed. 

The following settings are the only ones that can be changed in the web.config file(s) of your Web site:

• browserCaps
• clientTarget
• pages
• customErrors
• globalization
• authorization
• authentication
• webControls
• webServices

111. Explain the Application and Session objects in ASP.NET.

• Application state is used to store data corresponding to all the variables of an ASP.NET Web application. 
• The data in an application state is stored once and read several times. 
• Application state uses the HttpApplicationState class to store and share the data throughout the application. 
• You can access the information stored in an application state by using the HttpApplication class property. Data stored in the application state is accessible to all the pages of the application and is the same for all the users accessing the application. 
• The HttpApplicationState class provides a lock method, which you can use to ensure that only one user is able to access and modify the data of an application at any instant of time.
• Each client accessing a Web application maintains a distinct session with the Web server, and there is also some specific information associated with each of these sessions. 
• Session state is defined in the element of the web.config file. It also stores the data specific to a user session in session variables. Different session variables are created for each user session. 
• In addition, session variables can be accessed from any page of the application. When a user accesses a page, a session ID for the user is created. The session ID is transferred between the server and the client over the HTTP protocol using cookies.

112. How will you differentiate a submaster page from a top-level master page?

• Similar to a content page, a submaster page also does not have complete HTML source code; whereas, a top-level master page has complete HTML source code inside its source file.

113. What are Web server controls in ASP.NET?

• The ASP.NET Web server controls are objects on the ASP.NET pages that run when the Web page is requested. Many Web server controls, such as button and text box, are similar to the HTML controls. In addition to the HTML controls, there are many controls, which include complex behavior, such as the controls used to connect to data sources and display data.

114. What is the difference between a HyperLink control and a LinkButton control?

• A HyperLink control does not have the Click and Command events; whereas, the LinkButton control has these events, which can be handled in the code-behind file of the Web page.

115. What are the various ways of authentication techniques in ASP.NET?

• There are various techniques in ASP.NET to authenticate a user. You can use one of the following ways of authentication to select a built-in authentication provider:
• Windows Authentication - This mode works as the default authentication technique. It can work with any form of Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) authentication, such as Basic, Integrated Windows authentication (NTLM/Kerberos), Digest, and certificates. The syntax of Windows authentication mode is given as follows: 
• Forms Authentication - You can specify this mode as a default authentication mode by using the following code snippet: 
• Passport - This mode works with Microsoft Passport authentication, as shown in the following code snippet: 

116. What are the different ways to send data across pages in ASP.NET?

The following two ways are used to send data across pages in ASP.NET:

• Session
• Public properties

117. What does the WebpartListUserControlPath property of a DeclarativeCatalogPart control do?

• The WebpartListUserControlPath property sets the route of the user defined control to aDeclarativeCatalogPart control.

118. What do you mean by the Web Part controls in ASP.NET?

The Web Part controls are the integrated controls, which are used to create a Web site. These controls allow the users to change the content, outlook, and state of Web pages in a Web browser.

119. What type of the CatalogPart control enables users to restore the Web Parts that have been removed earlier by the user?

The PageCatalogPart control.

120. What is the use of web.config? What is the difference between machine.config and web.config?

• ASP.NET configuration files are XML-based text files for application-level settings and are saved with the name web.config. 
• These files are present in multiple directories on an ASP.NET Web application server. 
• The web.config file sets the configuration settings to the directory it is placed in and to all the virtual sub folders under it. 
• The settings in sub directories can optionally override or change the settings specified in the base directory.

The difference between the web.config and machine.config files is given as follows:

• \Microsoft.NET\Framework\\config\machine.config provides default configuration settings for the entire machine. ASP.NET configures IIS to prohibit the browser directly from accessing the web.config files to make sure that their values cannot be public. Attempts to access those files cause ASP.NET to return the 403: Access Forbidden error.
• ASP.NET uses these web.config configuration files at runtime to compute hierarchically a sole collection of settings for every URL target request. These settings compute only once and cached across further requests. ASP.NET automatically checks for changing file settings and do not validate the cache if any of the configuration changes made.

121. Explain the concept of states in ASP.NET.

• State is quite an innovative concept in Web development because it eliminates the drawback of losing state data due to reloading of a Web page. 
• By using states in a Web application, you can preserve the state of the application either at the server or client end. The state of a Web application helps you to store the runtime changes that have been made to the Web application. 
• For example, as already described earlier, a change in the data source of the Web application might be initiated by a user when he/she selects and saves some products in the shopping cart. 
• If you are not using states, these changes are discarded and are not saved. 
• You may think that the whole concept of storing states is optional.
• However, under certain circumstances, using states with applications is imperative.
•  For example, it is necessary to store states for Web applications, such as an e-commerce shopping site or an Intranet site of a company, to keep track of the requests of the users for the items they have selected on the shopping site or the days requested for vacation on the Intranet site.

122. Can we validate a DropDownList by RequiredFieldValidator?

• Yes, we can validate a DropDownList by RequiredFieldValidator. To perform this validation, we have to set the InitialValue property of RequiredFieldValidator control.

123. List the features of the Chart control.

The following are the features of the Chart control:

• Bounds a chart with any data source.
• Simple manipulation of chart data, such as copying, merging, grouping, sorting, searching, and filtering.
• Support many statistical and financial formulas for data analysis.
• Provide advanced chart outlook, such as 2-D, 3-D, lighting, and perspective.
• Support events and customizations.
• Includes interactivity with Microsoft AJAX.
• Supports AJAX Content Delivery Network (CDN).