Advance computer Project Desgination

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This project involves the development of web-based application to support the “E-Land Handling” newly started and suitable to all over tamilnadu.

This project contains very useful modules to support the operations of buying and selling as well as trading purposes.

By using this project, any property or landholders can register their property information and with photos of all information. After registration the registered information will be displayed in the corresponding pages and it becomes ready to sales.

This web application contains all modules to record the each and every information done towards houses, plots, buildings and agricultural or wet lands and provides facilities to buyers to easily purchase the property or lands over net without manual effort and problems.

ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

Internet playing the vital role in all aspect of the human life. So one web-based application is very much essential to carry out the above-mentioned processes in fast manner.

ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
The main objective of the proposed system is developing a new web based applications in order to support all the buying and selling activities of lands in time.
The web based application development for land buying and selling or property buying and selling surely will increase the speed of operations in “Eland Handling”.

Any individual buy or sell their property over Internet without any troubles and problems. The proposed system tested with some sample data college all around Dindigul District But capable to establish all over tamilnadu.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENT
Hardware Requirements
Each computer must have the following minimum configuration. All hardware should be on the Microsoft Windows 2000 Hardware Compatibility List.
Pentium II class processor, 450 megahertz (MHz).
160 MB physical memory, 256 MB recommended.
CD-ROM or DVD drive, 12x or faster recommended.
NOTE A DVD drive is required to install the Visual Studio .NET Professional Evaluation Edition software
gigabytes (GB) on installation drive, which includes 500 megabytes (MB) on system drive.
Super VGA (800 x 600) or higher-resolution monitor with 256 colors.
Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device.
Software Requirements
The following software is required to complete the procedures in this course.
Microsoft Windows 2000 or Microsoft Windows XP
Microsoft Visual Studio .NET, Professional Edition, Enterprise Developer Edition, or Enterprise Architect Edition
Microsoft Access 2000 with the Jet 4.0 data engine or Sql.Server 2000
SYSTEM DESIGN
System Design means the translation of analyzed requirements in to ways of meeting them. The design will determine the success of the proposed system. Based on the proposed system objectives of major modules are identified and the operations to be carried out are determinates.
INPUT OUTPUT DESIGN
The input design is the link that ties information system in to the world of its users, input design consists of developing specific procedures for data preparation, steps necessary to put the transaction of data in the form that is usable for computer processing.
This web application system contains the following input form modules and its input entries.
Plots Registration
Registering plot details by seller such as total are in sq. feet or in cent, location of plot with photo.
Houses Registration
Registering house details by seller such as total are in sq. feet or in cent, location of house with photo of house and surrounding area of house.

Lands Registration
Registering lands details by seller such as total Acres or Cents, location of lands and village sketch with photo and surrounding area…
Buildings Registration
Registering Buildings details by seller such as total are in sq. feet or in cent, location of Buildings with photo includes layout approval, Building approval plans.

Plots Listing
Listing of all plots details to buyer such as total are in square feet or in cent, location of plot with photo of layout and other things.
Houses Listing
Listing of all houses details to buyer such as total are in square feet or in cent, location of house with photo and with photos of surrounding area.


Lands Listing
Listing of all lands details to seller such as total are in sq. feet or in cent, location of house with photo and surrounding area…
Buildings Registration
Listing of all buildings details to buyer such as total are in sq. feet or in cent, location of house with photo of buildings and with photos surrounding area…

Buyer Preferences
Module used to specify the buyer's preference about the property such as his need (land, building or house) and preferences such as total are in sq. feet or in cent, location of house with photo and with photos surrounding area

Contact Seller
This module used to buyer to contact seller in buying process
Contact Buyer
This module used to seller to contact buyer in selling process

Remove Entry
This Module used to remove the details of property or land from website after selling it other person or buyer
Contact Organization
This module used to buyer and seller to contact website organization in buying and selling process


TABLE DESIGN

Table Plots
Field
Data Type
Regno
Number
SellerName
Text
PhoneNumber
Text
Location
Text
Village
Text
Panchayat
Text
Town
Text
District
Text
PlotNumber
Number
Square Feet
Number
Layout Fle
Text
Expected Sales Value
Number

Table Houses
Field
Data Type
Regno
Number
Seller Name
Text
Location
Text
Village
Text
Panchayat
Text
Town
Text
District
Text
Phone Number
Text
Square Feet
Number
Plan File
Text
Layout File
Text
View File1
Text
View File2
Text
Sales Value
Number

Table Buildings
Field
Data Type
Regno
Number
Seller Name
Text
Location
Text
Village
Text
Panchayat
Text
Town
Text
District
Text
Phone Number
Text
Square Feet
Number
Plan File
Text
Layout File
Text
View File1
Text
View File2
Text
Sales Value
Number

Table Lands
Field
Data Type
Regno
Number
Seller Name
Text
Location
Text
Village
Text
Panchayat
Text
Town
Text
District
Text
Phone Number
Text
Acre
Number
Land Sketch
Text
Detailed Sketch
Text
Land Description
Text
Sales Value
Text

Table Preferences
Field
Data Type
Name
Text
Customer Need
Text
District
Text
Town
Text
District
Text
Phone Number
Text
Acre
Number
Land Sketch
Text
Detailed Sketch
Text
Land Description
Text
Sales Value
Text

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
Plot Registration
Houses Registration
Buildings
Registration
Lands
Registration
Plot
Listing

Houses
Listing

Buildings
Listing

Lands
Listing


Centralized
Data Base
Entering into Home Page
Buyer Preferences
Buyer Details
Seller Details
Remove Entry


VISUAL BASIC.NET

The .NET Framework and the Common Language Runtime
The Microsoft .NET Framework is an integrated and managed environment for the development and execution of your code. This lesson is an introduction to the .NET Framework, the philosophy behind it, and how it works.
Overview of the .NET Framework
The .NET Framework is a managed, type-safe environment for application development and execution. The framework manages all aspects of the execution of your program: it allocates memory for the storage of data and instructions, grants or denies the appropriate permissions to your application, initiates and manages application execution, and manages the reallocation of memory for resources that are no longer needed. The .NET Framework consists of two main components: the common language runtime and the .NET Framework class library.
The common language runtime can be thought of as the environment that manages code execution. It provides core services, such as code compilation, memory allocation, thread management, and garbage collection. Through the common type system (CTS), it enforces strict type safety, and it ensures that code is executed in a safe environment by enforcing code access security. The .NET Framework class library provides a collection of useful and reusable types that are designed to integrate with the common language runtime. The types provided by the .NET Framework are object-oriented and fully extensible, and allow you to seamlessly integrate your applications with the .NET Framework.
Languages and the .NET Framework
The .NET Framework is designed for cross-language compatibility. Simply put, this means that .NET components can interact with each other no matter what language they were originally written in. So, an application written in Microsoft Visual Basic .NET might reference a DLL file written in Microsoft C#, which in turn might access a resource written in managed Microsoft C++ or any other .NET language. This language interoperability extends to full object-oriented inheritance. A Visual Basic .NET class might be derived from a C# class, for example, or vice versa.
The Structure of a .NET Application
To understand how the common language run time manages the execution of code, you must examine the structure of a .NET application. The primary unit of a .NET application is the assembly. An assembly is a self-describing collection of code, resources, and metadata. The assembly manifest contains information about what is contained within the assembly. The assembly manifest provides
· Identity information, such as the name and version number of the assembly.
· A list of all types exposed by the assembly.
· A list of other assemblies required by the assembly.
· A list of code access security instructions for the assembly. This includes a list of permissions required by the assembly and permissions to be denied the assembly.
Each assembly has one and only one assembly manifest, and it contains all the description information for the assembly. The assembly manifest can be contained in its own separate file, or it can be contained within one of the assembly's modules. An assembly also contains one or more modules. A module contains the code that makes up your application or library, and metadata that describes that code. When you compile a project into an assembly, your code is converted from high-level code to IL. Because all managed code is first converted to IL code, applications written in different languages can easily interact. For example, one developer might write an application in Visual C# that accesses a DLL in Visual Basic .NET. Both resources will be converted to IL modules before being executed, thus avoiding any language incompatibility issues
The .NET Data Types
The .NET data types are the types you use to store your data. They are value types and can be broken down into subcategories: Integer types, Floating-point types, the Boolean type, and the Char type. Two built-in reference types that are an integral part of your application will also be discussed: the String type and the Object type.
Implementing Properties
Properties are members of classes that expose member variables or objects. Properties have similarities to both fields and methods. Values are set and retrieved using the same syntax as fields: getting a value from a property or setting a value with a property actually calls a specialized method that carries out these functions. Properties can contain code that validates values before setting them or carries out any other function that is required by the application.
Read-Only and Write-Only Properties
Sometimes you will need to implement a property that can return a value to the client but cannot be changed once the class is initialized. Very infrequently, you might need to create a property that can be changed but not read. These properties are called read-only and write-only properties, respectively.
Parameterized Properties
Most of the properties you create will return a single value or object. In Visual Basic .NET, you can create properties that accept parameters when accessed. These properties usually expose a range, or array of values. For example, a single Engine object might have several Cylinders. Rather than expose each one individually, you could create a Cylinder property that returned or set each cylinder based on a supplied parameter.
Object-Oriented Programming in .NET Frame work
Programming in the .NET Framework environment is done with objects. Objects are programmatic constructs that represent packages of related data and functionality. Objects are self-contained and expose specific functionality to the rest of the application environment without detailing the inner workings of the object itself. Objects are created from a template called a class. The .NET base class library provides a set of classes from which you can create objects in your applications. You can also use the Visual Studio programming environment to create your own classes to use in your programs. This lesson will introduce you to the concepts associated with object-oriented programming.
Objects, Members, and Abstraction
An object is a programmatic construct that represents something. In the real world, we think of objects like cars, bicycles, laptop computers, and so on. Each of these items exposes specific functionality and has specific properties. In your application, an object might be a form, a control such as a button, a database connection, or any of a number of other constructs. Each object is a complete functional unit, and contains all of the data and exposes all of the functionality required to fulfill its purpose. The ability of programmatic objects to represent real-world objects is called abstraction.
Classes Are Templates for Objects
Classes were discussed in Chapter 1 and represent user-defined reference types. Classes can be thought of as blueprints for objects. They define all of the members of an object, define the behavior of an object, and set initial values for data when appropriate. When a class is instantiated, an in-memory instance of that class is created.
Overview Of ADO.NET
Most applications require some kind of data access. Desktop applications need to integrate with central databases, Extensible Markup Language (XML) data stores, or local desktop databases. ADO.NET data access technology allows simple, powerful data access while maximizing system resource usage.
Disconnected Database Access
Previous versions of data access technologies have provided continuously connected data access by default. In such a model, an application creates a connection to a database and keeps it open for the life of the application or at least for the amount of time that data is required. As applications become more complex and databases begin to serve more and more clients, a connected data access technology becomes impractical for a variety of reasons.
ADO.NET Data Architecture
Data access in ADO.NET relies on two components: the DataSet, which stores data on the local machine, and the Data Provider, which mediates interaction between the program and the database.
The DataSet
The DataSet is a disconnected, in-memory representation of data. It can be thought of as a local copy of the relevant portions of the database. Data can be loaded into a DataSet from any valid data source, such as a Microsoft SQL Server database, a Microsoft Access database, or an XML file. The DataSet is persisted in memory, and the data therein can be manipulated and updated independent of the database. When appropriate, the DataSet can then act as a template for updating the central database.
The Data Provider
The link to the database is created and maintained by the Data Provider. A Data Provider is not actually a single component, but a set of related components that work together to provide data in an efficient, performance-driven manner. The Microsoft .NET Framework currently ships with two data providers: the SQL Server .NET Data Provider, which is designed specifically to work with Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 or later, and the OleDb .NET Data Provider, which connects with other types of databases. Each Data Provider consists of similar versions of the following generic component classes:
The Connection object provides the connection to the database.
The Command object is used to execute a command against a data source. It can execute either non-query commands, such as INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE, or return a DataReader with the results of a SELECT command.
The DataReader object provides a forward-only, read-only, connected recordset.
The DataAdapter object populates a disconnected DataSet or DataTable with data and performs updates.

Advanced computer programmer

Advanced computer programmer

This computer is concerned with the design of reconfigurable computing systems using hardware explanation languages. Topics covered include field programmable gate array architectures computer arithmetic, high speed digital logic, interfacing and case studies. Emphasis will be on how to design high performance digital systems at the algorithmic, system and logic level. Each student is required to implement and test a digital design of moderate complexity. Prerequisite: Fault-Tolerant Computing
Fault tolerance used to be a requirement of computer systems in specialized applications such as spacecraft control and telephone switching. With the advancement of hardware and software technology and the increasing complexity of computer systems, fault tolerance has become a necessity for a wide range of industrial, commercial and even personal applications. Models and methods are used in the analysis and design of faulttolerant and highly reliable computer systems. The topics to be covered by this course include fault/error modeling, reliability analysis, various redundancy techniques, fault-tolerant system design methods, case studies of faulttolerant systems, and current research issues. Structure of sequential machines, linear sequential machines, state machine testing, information losslessness of finite automata, state-identification and fault-detection experiments, finite-state recognizers, sequential circuit retiming techniques, synthesis for combinational and sequential circuits.

Boolean network synthesis, technology mapping, delay analysis, sequential logic synthesis, state minimization, retiming resynthesis, verification, advanced applications using Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams hardware fault testing, and notions of design for testability. Advanced Workshop in Computer Engineering
Advanced Topics in Database Systems :This course will introduce to students advanced topics in database systems including advanced data structures, concurrency control, deadlock resolutions, recovery schemes, distributed database systems, multimedia database indexing techniques, and data mining. This course is intended to provide for senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students a concise survey of the most important and fundamental work on semantics of programming languages of different paradigms, together with the necessary background material from logic, lambda calculus, type theory, domain theory, and category theory. All of the three major approaches to semantics - denotational, operational, and axiomatic - and the relations among them are discussed.
This course will introduce to students advanced topics in operating systems. The detailed contents may be changed from year to year depending on the current development and the teacher specialty.
This course aims to introduce the computational learning theory for applications to various areas of finance. This course consists of two parts. The first part gives an introduction of basic mathematical methods in finance. The second part deals with nonlinear computing models, Bayesian Ying-Yang unified learning theory, other computational learning techniques, and their applications to FOREX or stock forecasting, portfolio optimization and programmed trading.
Deterministic and non-deterministic Turing machine, Church's Thesis, uncomputability and intractability, NP-completeness, polynomial time hierarchy, probabilistic computation, predicate calculus and incompleteness.
Techniques for Data MiningData mining provides useful tools for the analysis, understanding and extraction of useful information from huge databases. These techniques are used in business, finance, medicine and engineering. This course will introduce the techniques used in data mining. Topics will include clustering, classification, estimation, forecasting, statistical analysis and visualization tools.
Artificial Intelligence ProgrammingThis course examines two representational paradigms of artificial intelligence programming. Topics in logic programming include unification, , SLD-resolution, Prolog, negation and control, trees, list, difference list, and programming techniques. Topics in functional programming include function definitions, recursive functions, scope, higher-order functions, programming techniques, and basic lambda calculus. Provide in-depth treatment of the following advanced computer graphics and visualization topics: radiosity rendering and global illumination, procedure texturing and modeling, imagebased rendering, stereo imaging, real-time
Advanced Topics in Multimedia Database:
This course aims at an in-depth study of various aspects in the frontier research of multimedia database systems. These include image processing methods, indexing methods, system design issues, and basis of multimedia data such as compression techniques and resource management. Image processing methods for shape, color, texture manipulation, etc., will be covered. Indexing methods of R-trees, VP-trees, X-tree, etc., will be introduced. This course will provide the students with a theoretical background as well as a hands-on experience in the design and implementation of a multimedia database system.
Advanced Topics in Compiler Construction :
Advanced topics in compiler construction, including code optimization, partial evaluation, super compilers, compilation techniques for multiparadigm languages, concurrent compilers.

Combinatorial Search and Optimization with ConstraintsStudents will be exposed to various constraint-based combinatorial search and optimization techniques that arise in artificial intelligence, operations research, etc. Topics include, but are not limited to, local propagation, consistency algorithms, Boolean constraint solving, numerical constraint solving, linear programming, search, and their applications.
Information Retrieval and Search Engines
This course surveys the current research in information retrieval for the Internet and related topics. This course will focus on the theoretical development of information retrieval systems for multimedia contents as well as practical design and implementation issues associated with Internet search engines. Topics include probabilistic retrieval, relevance feedback, indexing of multimedia data, and applications in e-commerce.
Brain Theory and Sensorimotor Processing :
The main focus of the class will be to explore various aspects of biological neural network modelling for visuomotor coordination. Topics such as visual perception of form, texture, color, depth and motion, motor movement generation, sensorimotor interaction, neural mechanisms for learning and memory, and applications to intelligent robots will be examined. This will be an interdisciplinary course combining engineering, cognitive science, and neuroscience approaches. Students are expected to have knowledge in linear algebra, calculus, probability theory and programming.
Principles of Computational Learning :This course aims at providing theoretical guides and useful tools for students working on neural networks, pattern recognition, computer vision, artificial intelligence or other topics involving learning and mathematical modelling. The first part of this course is an extensive introduction to learning theories and techniques for neural networks or intelligent computational machinery in general. The second half will cover the major techniques such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning and self-organization, as well as reinforcement learning. It would be helpful to have some previous knowledge on probability theory, statistics, neural networks and pattern recognition.
Image Processing and Computer Vision :
Image Processing: enhancement technique, image compression, segmentation, morphology, color image processing and restoration. Computer Vision: representation, decision models, structural methods and image understanding.
Theory of Neural Computation: This course introduces state-of-the-art neural network research. It covers the learning algorithms of various neural network paradigms such as the backpropagation network, the Boltzmann machine, the Hopfield network, bidirectional associative memory, adaptive resonance theory, the Kohonen network, and learning vector quantizer. Techniques in the theoretical analysis of their characteristics, limitations, storage capacity, stability and convergence are included.

Computer Hacking

The term hacker has a double meaning within the field of computing. A hacker can be an expert computer programmer who creates complex software and hardware. These hackers are experts in the field of computing and have achieved a certain elite status within their field. The other commonly known meaning of the word is someone who breaks into computer security networks for his own purpose.

The media has perpetuate the more exciting connotation of the word hacker with films and books on the subject. Films such as War Games expose breaking into the Pentagon’s security system as similar to playing a computer game. A film about the computer hacker designing a software system would probably not do very big business at the box office.

A hacker who who breaks into systems primarily to steal is not regarded as a computer expert, although she can be. A hacker within the professional world of computing is regarded as a professional computer expert within his field. In the professional computing world, a hacker can be a computer and network security expert. She can also be a highly skilled software programmer or a hardware modifier. The type of hacker who breaks into bank accounts or a company’s network does exist, but the meaning is entirely different from that of a professional hacker.

The stereotypical image of a computer hacker, as portrayed by the media, is one of a shadowy figure, alone at a computer, stealing secrets and money. This type of computer hacking can bring rewards, but it can also bring huge fines and prison sentences. Thanks to the media, the average person is likely most proverbial with this definition of a computer hacker.

It is true that computer crime is on the increase, but it mainly takes the form of computer fraud. People are duped into giving out their bank and personal details after receiving bogus emails. This is not computer hacking, as it does not involve an attempt to break into a computer’s software system.

It is not on the whole difficult to gain access to someone’s email password. There are many Internet sites that claim to be able to gain access for a fee. However, these sites usually work by sending bogus emails asking the addressee to verify passwords for security reasons. This is not real computer hacking.

A real hacker in the field of computer security is someone employ to stop any unauthorized access to a network’s security system. If someone tells you that he is a computer hacker, it is not automatically a bad thing. He may be able to help upgrade your computer as a substitute of breaking into it.

Computer hacking is the practice of modifying computer hardware and software to complete a goal outside of the creator’s original rationale. People who engage in computer hacking activities are often called hackers. Since the word “hack” has long been used to describe someone who is incompetent at his/her profession, some hackers claim this term is offensive and fails to give appropriate recognition to their skills.

Computer hacking is most common among teenagers and young adults, although there are many older hackers as well. Many hackers are true technology buffs who enjoy learning more about how computers work and consider computer hacking an “art” form. They often enjoy programming and have expert-level skills in one particular program. For these individuals, computer hacking is a real life application of their problem-solving skills. It’s a chance to demonstrate their abilities, not an opportunity to harm others.

Since a large number of hackers are self-taught prodigies, some corporations actually employ computer hackers as part of their technical support staff. These individuals use their skills to find flaws in the company’s security system so that they can be repaired quickly. In many cases, this type of computer hacking helps prevent identity theft and other serious computer-related crimes.

Computer hacking can also lead to other constructive technological developments, since many of the skills developed from hacking apply to more mainstream pursuits. For example, former hackers Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson went on to create the UNIX operating system in the 1970s. This system had a huge impact on the development of Linux, a free UNIX-like operating system. Shawn Fanning, the creator of Napster, is another hacker well known for his accomplishments outside of computer hacking.

In association to those who develop an interest in computer hacking out of simple logical curiosity, some hackers have less noble motives. Hackers who are out to steal personal information, change a corporation’s pecuniary data, break security codes to gain unauthorized network access, or conduct other destructive activities are sometimes called “crackers.” This type of computer hacking can earn you a trip to a federal prison for up to 20 years.
If you are interested in protecting your home computer against malicious hackers, investing in a good firewall is highly recommended. It’s also a good idea to check your software programs for updates on a regular basis

Computer Hacking

Computer hacking is the practice of modifying computer hardware and software to complete a goal outside of the creator’s original rationale. People who engage in computer hacking activities are often called hackers. Since the word “hack” has long been used to describe someone who is incompetent at his/her profession, some hackers claim this term is offensive and fails to give appropriate recognition to their skills.

Computer hacking is most common among teenagers and young adults, although there are many older hackers as well. Many hackers are true technology buffs who enjoy learning more about how computers work and consider computer hacking an “art” form. They often enjoy programming and have expert-level skills in one particular program. For these individuals, computer hacking is a real life application of their problem-solving skills. It’s a chance to demonstrate their abilities, not an opportunity to harm others.

Since a large number of hackers are self-taught prodigies, some corporations actually employ computer hackers as part of their technical support staff. These individuals use their skills to find flaws in the company’s security system so that they can be repaired quickly. In many cases, this type of computer hacking helps prevent identity theft and other serious computer-related crimes.

Computer hacking can also lead to other constructive technological developments, since many of the skills developed from hacking apply to more mainstream pursuits. For example, former hackers Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson went on to create the UNIX operating system in the 1970s. This system had a huge impact on the development of Linux, a free UNIX-like operating system. Shawn Fanning, the creator of Napster, is another hacker well known for his accomplishments outside of computer hacking.

In association to those who develop an interest in computer hacking out of simple logical curiosity, some hackers have less noble motives. Hackers who are out to steal personal information, change a corporation’s pecuniary data, break security codes to gain unauthorized network access, or conduct other destructive activities are sometimes called “crackers.” This type of computer hacking can earn you a trip to a federal prison for up to 20 years.

If you are interested in protecting your home computer against malicious hackers, investing in a good firewall is highly recommended. It’s also a good idea to check your software programs for updates on a regular basis. For example, Microsoft offers a number of free security patches for its Internet Explorer browser.

NUMEROLOGY

A programmer, also recurrently referred to as a computer programmer, is commonly perceived as the brains behind a computer program. She typically writes detailed instructions that guide a computer through the logical steps necessary to process information to be used for specific applications. When a typical computer user initiate the screen command “view source,” the symbols and largely unidentifiable language that appear on the screen are normally the work of a programmer.

Programmers are employed by almost every sector of business, including profit and non-profit companies. They can be found in hospitals, educational institutions and government agencies. Engineering firms as well as production and manufacturing facilities regularly hire programmers. Some companies employ these professionals full-time while others only contract with programmers as required by the needs of the company.

Before a programmer embarks on a project, she normally confers with the employer to clearly understand the goals of the proposed program. Once she fully comprehends the program’s objective, the programmer typically constructs a flow chart that depicts how the information should travel through the system in a logical and orderly fashion. Software engineers and systems analysts are often asked to advise on this stage of the program development.

The language the programmer chooses for her program largely depends on the nature of the application. Some typical languages used to create Web sites and interactive forms include HTML, XML, XHTML and PHP. A common language for administrative, finance and business system applications is COBOL.

Once a program is complete, a programmer is generally required to run it to identify glitches in the context, content or language. This process, commonly called debugging, continues until the program is deemed complete and operational. Debugging can take anywhere from a few days to more than a year depending on the number of errors and the length of the program. A software engineer may again be called upon for assistance during this phase of programming.

The most common area in which programmers work is applications programming. Persons who focus on this type of programming normally specialize in writing language for a specific field, such as accounting or science. They differ from systems programmers who traditionally customize existing system programming to help old hardware successfully work with new hardware.

The minimum educational requirement for a programmer is usually a bachelor’s degree in information management, computer science, mathematics or systems programming. Solid experience in using various database systems is generally preferred. Certificates of completion in the latest programming languages and software are considered assets for job applicants.